 |
"Long
before it's in the papers"
January 18, 2011
RETURN TO THE WORLD SCIENCE HOME PAGE
“Gangster” bird found to charge for protection
Nov. 19, 2010
Courtesy of BBSRC
and World Science staff
In what some scientists are likening to a
mob protection racket, a species of birds in Africa has been found to guard other birds from predators in exchange for food. A drongo perched in a tree above pied
babblers. (© Tom Flower, U. of Cambridge) Send us a comment
on this story, or send
it to a friend
On one level, the security service offered by the drongo birds of the Kalahari Desert would seem to be legitimate.
They do provide some true protection—unlike quite a
few mafiosos, who create the very threat that for a fee they will
supposedly ward off.
Yet there’s a hint of the criminal in the drongo operation
too, scientists say.
The avian guards help themselves to “payment” by occasionally screaming out false
warnings of predators, then using the resulting confusion to snatch food from their feathered clients. Nor do the latter
seem to specifically request protection; rather, the drongos are just—there.
The drawbacks notwithstanding, the “client” birds, pied babblers, gain something from the arrangement, according to scientists. That’s because
the self-appointed sentinels, through their presence, allow the babblers
to focus on foraging for insects rather than watching their
backs.
The behavior may be a rare example of two species evolving from a parasitic to a “mutualistic” relationship, say the investigators, reporting the
findings in the research journal Evolution.
“Drongos are parasitic birds who swoop in to steal food from other species,” explained Andrew Radford the University of Bristol, U.K., one of the researchers. Given this unsavory way of life, he went on, it was somewhat surprising to find that drongos perched above foraging babblers advertise their presence rather than keep a low profile.
They announce themselves “by issuing a call called a ‘twank’ every four or five seconds,” Radford said.
The explanation, he added, seems to be that the “twank” reassures babblers someone is keeping a lookout against predatory birds. This lets the babblers forage for insects more effectively.
That, in turn, leads to better opportunities for the drongos to filch some of the catch. “When we played back these ‘twank’ calls to a babbler group, we found that they spread out over a larger area and lifted their heads less often, indicating that they were less fearful of predators when they thought a drongo was keeping watch,” Radford said.
But when the drongos cry wolf about the presence of predators, they scare other animals into dropping their catch, which the drongos then pounce on, said Radford and colleagues.
So pied babblers have basically evolved to tolerate the drongos giving false warnings and stealing some of their hard-earned gains in exchange for the chance to forage in relative safety when a drongo is on
duty.
Like a “good gangster,” Radford said, the drongos—not particularly large birds—provide real protection sometimes, both by making true alarm calls and by “mobbing” predators as a group.
But “despite all of the useful services drongos provide, the foraging birds are still more responsive to [alarm] calls from other babblers. It seems likely that the babblers simply don’t trust the drongo mafia as much as their own flesh and blood.”
The research could provide insight into other important mutualistic and parasitic relationships in nature, said Douglas Kell, chief executive of the U.K. Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council, which funded the study.
“Evolutionary arms races, including those between parasites and their hosts, and plants and animals and the diseases that they suffer, underlie a whole range of socially and economically important areas of biology,” he
noted.
* * *
Homepage image: A drongo in the Kalahari (© Andy Radford, U. of Cambridge)
|
||||
|
In what some scientists are likening to a “protection” racket, a species of birds in Africa’s Kalahari Desert has been found to guard other birds from predators in exchange for food. The security services offered by the drongo birds would seem to be more legitimate than many a mafia racket: at least the drongos—unlike numerous gangsters—aren’t the same party creating the threat to begin with. Yet there is something of a criminal flavor about the drongos’ operation, scientists say. They help themselves to “payment” by occasionally screaming out false alarms, and using the resulting confusion to snatch food from their feathered clients. Nor do the latter appear to specifically request the drongos’ help; rather, the drongos are just—there. Despite all this, the “client” birds, pied babblers, gain something from the arrangement, according to scientists. That’s because by keeping watch, the drongos let the babblers focus on foraging for insects rather than watching their backs. The behavior may be a rare example of two species evolving from a parasitic to a “mutualistic” relationship, say the investigators, reporting the discoveries in the research journal Evolution. “Drongos are parasitic birds who swoop in to steal food from other species,” explained Andrew Radford the Universities of Bristol, U.K., one of the researchers. Given this unsavory way of life, he went on, it was somewhat surprising to find that drongos perched above foraging babblers actually advertise their presence rather than keep a low profile. They announce themselves “by issuing a call called a ‘twank’ every four or five seconds,” Radford said. The explanation, he added, seems to be that the “twank” reassures babblers someone is keeping a lookout against predatory birds. This lets the babblers forage for insects more effectively. This, in turn, leads to better opportunities for the drongos to filch some of the catch. “When we played back these ‘twank’ calls to a babbler group, we found that they spread out over a larger area and lifted their heads less often, indicating that they were less fearful of predators when they thought a drongo was keeping watch,” Radford said. But when the drongos cry wolf about the presence of predators, they scare other animals into dropping their catch, which the drongos then pounce on, said Radford and colleagues. Pied babblers have in effect evolved to tolerate the drongos giving false warnings and stealing some of their hard-earned gains in exchange for the chance to forage in relative safety when a drongo is on guard. Like a “good gangster,” Radford said, the drongos—not particularly large birds—provide real protection sometimes, both by making true alarm calls and by “mobbing” predators as a group. But “despite all of the useful services drongos provide, the foraging birds are still more responsive to [alarm] calls from other babblers. It seems likely that the babblers simply don’t trust the drongo mafia as much as their own flesh and blood.” The research could provide insight into other important mutualistic and parasitic relationships in nature, said Douglas Kell, chief executive of the U.K. Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council, which funded the study. “Evolutionary arms races, including those between parasites and their hosts, and plants and animals and the diseases that they suffer, underlie a whole range of socially and economically important areas of biology,” he explained. “From drug and pesticide resistance to the biodiversity of ecosystems, deepening our understanding how a range of organisms have evolved into complex relationships will help us address important social issues in a smarter, more holistic way.”